Hydrophobic polymeric membrane composites

ABSTRACT

A composite porous membrane is formed from a porous polymeric substrate having its entire surface modified with a cross-linked polymer which results in a hydrophobic and oleophobic surface. The composite membrane retains substantially all of its other original properties. The cross-linked polymer is formed in situ on the polymeric substrate from a reactant system comprising an ethylenically unsaturated monomer having at least one fluoroalkyl group, a cross-linker, and, if needed, a polymerization initiator, dissolved in a nonpolar and or weakly polar solvent system. The membrane substrate saturated with the reactant system is exposed to a suitable energy source to effect polymerization and cross linking of the monomer.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to a porous membrane having both a hydrophobic(water repellent) and oleophobic(oil repellent) surface. Moreparticularly, this invention relates to a microporous or ultrafiltrationmembrane modified to produce a hydrophobic/oleophobic surface includingthe membrane pore surfaces and to a process for forming such a membrane.

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) has been the most commonly used materialin membranes utilized to vent gases. The chemical and biologicalinertness, thermal stability, and hydrophobicity inherently associatedwith PTFE has led to the development of PTFE as the material of choicein industrial gas vent applications. PTFE membranes have also foundwidespread use in the health and related industries. The necessity ofproducing aseptic vent membranes for use in medical/biological deviceshas also naturally led to the selection of PTFE as the choice materialin membrane applications. Traditionally, aseptic materials have beengenerated by chemical sterilization, notably by steam treatment ortreatment with ethylene oxide. The compatibility of PTFE withsterilizing chemicals and treatments, especially at elevatedtemperatures, is a well known material property characteristic of PTFE.A problem sometimes encountered with the use of PTFE as a vent membranematerial under steam treatment is pore blockage either due tocondensation of oil, from the machinery used to generate the steam, orwater or both. The resulting loss of air permeability of the cloggedmembrane effectively reduces the membrane's utility as a gas vent. Thiscondensation problem has led to the search and development of morehydrophobic and oleophobic membrane materials as substitutes for PTFE. Amore acute problem concerns the chemical sterilization of membranematerials for use under aseptic conditions. Chemical sterilization,particularly with ethylene oxide, very often generates additional issuessuch as toxicity and waste disposal that raises serious health,environmental and economic concerns. These concerns have led to thewidespread use of ionizing radiation for sterilization of materials usedin medical and biological devices. A major disadvantage of PTFE is itsinherent instability towards ionizing irradiation. Ionizing irradiationof PTFE membranes results in the undesirable property of reducedmechanical strength. This loss of mechanical strength places severerestrictions in the use of PTFE membranes under moderate pressures.

Coating of materials allows one to retain the desirable bulk materialsproperties while only altering the surface and interfacial properties ofthe substrate. Hydrophobic and oleophobic coatings have found popularuse in the electronics industry as protective barriers for sensitiveelectronic components. Although expensive, coating solutions arecommercially available. Coating membranes has not been a very practicalapproach for modifying the surface properties of membranes since thetortuous morphologies associated with membranes rarely lend themselvesto a continuous and even coating. Furthermore, since coatings are notpermanently anchored (bonded) to the underlying substrate, very oftenthe coated materials are susceptible to wear and extraction therebyhaving a rather limited range of thermal and chemical compatibility. Inaddition, coatings adversely affect the permeability properties ofporous substrates.

It also has been proposed to utilize grafting techniques to modify thesurface characteristics of a polymer substrate. Typical examples ofgrafting techniques are shown, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,253,057;4,151,225; 4,278,777 and 4,311,573. It is difficult to utilize presentlyavailable grafting techniques to modify the surface properties of porousmembranes. This is because it is difficult to modify the entire surfaceof the membrane including the surfaces within the pores while avoidingpore blockage and while retaining membrane porosity.

It has been proposed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,954,256 to render the surface ofa microporous polymeric membrane more hydrophobic by grafting afluoropolymer to the membrane surface in order to chemically bond thefluoropolymer to the membrane surface. The fluoropolymer is formed froma monomer containing an ethylenically unsaturated group and afluoroalkyl group. The grafting is effected by exposing the membrane, ina monomeric solution, to ionizing radiation. A typical source ofionizing radiation is a ⁶⁰ Co gamma radiation source. The fluoropolymerformed from the fluorine-containing ethylenically unsaturated monomer ispermanently bonded to the microporous membrane substrate.

European patent application 86307259.1 discloses a process for preparinghydrophobic/oleophobic membranes. The process is not a surfacemodification; it is an in situ process which, by virtue of a phaseseparation, both the underlying substrate and hydrophobic surface of themembrane are formed simultaneously by a photopolymerization process. Theresulting membrane is weak mechanically and needs to besupported/laminated for use as a vent membrane under relatively moderatepressures. In addition, the process gives rise to membranes with arelatively narrow range of properties since the membrane morphology andsurface characteristics are formed simultaneously.

Patent application PCT/US90/04058 discloses a process for preparinghydrophobic and oleophobic porous substrates. The process entailsimpregnating a porous substrate with a solution of a fluorinated monomerin a carrier solvent, removal of the solvent by evaporation, and thenpolymerization of the remaining monomer. The process is, in essence, asolid-state polymerization reaction.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,618,533 discloses a process for forming a compositemembrane from a porous membrane substrate and a cross-linked,polymerizable monomeric composition coated on the substrate. Themonomeric composition includes a polymerizable monomer and across-linking agent for the monomer. Any conventional energy source forinitiating free radical polymerization can be used to form across-linked polymeric coating in situ on the porous membrane such asultraviolet (UV) light or heat. By this process, a membrane having itssurface modified by the cross-linked polymer is produced. No mention ismade of forming a cross-linked modified surface from an ethylenicallyunsaturated monomer having a fluoroalkyl group.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,037,457 discloses a means for enhancing the mechanicalstrength of gamma irradiated PTFE membranes by laminating the PTFEmembrane to a porous polyester web. This approach resolves the practicalissue concerning the mechanical stability of gamma irradiated PTFE. Thechemical compatibility of the laminated membrane is now limited by theproperties of the porous web support. Furthermore, laminates are proneto delamination, particularly laminates formed by the use of adhesiveswhich often are sensitive to gamma radiation.

Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide a porous membrane having asurface which is more hydrophobic and oleophobic than presentlyavailable membranes. In addition, it would be desirable to provide sucha membrane which retains its mechanical strength after being exposed tosterilizing ionizing radiation.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention provides a composite porous membrane having ahydrophobic/oleophobic polymeric surface formed from a cross-linkedethylenically unsaturated monomer containing a fluoroalkyl group. Thepolymeric surface is formed by coating the porous membrane substratewith a solution of the monomer, a cross-linking agent for the monomer,and a polymerization initiator, if required. Polymerization is effectedby a suitable energy source such as electromagnetic irradiation, thermalsources, and ionizing radiation. The composite product of this inventionhas substantially all of the original properties as that of the membranesubstrate. By the phrase, "substantially all of the original propertiesas that of the membrane substrate" is meant the characteristics of theunmodified membrane, that is mechanical and membrane properties such asporosity and flow. Composite membrane products of this invention have ahydrophobic/oleophobic surface such that they do not wet with solventswhose surface tensions are greater than approximately 20 dynes/cm.Composite membranes also are produced which pass the more stringent MVItest(described below). In addition, composite membrane products of thisinvention retain their mechanical strength after being exposed tosterilizing ionizing radiation.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 shows the air permeability as a function of time exposed to MVItesting conditions for the membranes produced in Examples 1 and 2.

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS

In accordance with this invention there is provided a polymeric porousmembrane substrate having directly deposited throughout its entiresurface a polymerized cross-linked polymer formed in situ from anethylenically unsaturated monomer having at least one fluoroalkyl group.The desired deposition of the cross-linked, polymerized monomer onto theporous membrane is effected as a direct coating and does not require orutilize an intermediate binding chemical moiety. The term "polymer" asused herein is meant to include polymeric compositions formed from oneor more monomers. Representative suitable polymers forming the porousmembrane substrate include polyolefins such as polyethylene,polypropylene, polymethylpentene or the like; polyamides; polystyrene orsubstituted polystyrene; fluorinated polymers includingpoly(tetrafluoroethylene), polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF) or the like;polysulfones such as polysulfone, polyethersulfone or the like;polyesters including polyethylene terephthalate, polybutyleneterephthalate or the like; polyacrylates and polycarbonates;cellulosics; and vinyl polymers such as poly vinyl chloride andpolyacrylonitriles. Copolymers also can be employed such as copolymersof butadiene and styrene, fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer,ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer or the like. Generally, theporous membrane substrate has an average pore size between about 0.001and 10 microns, more usually between about 0.01 and 5.0 microns andpreferably between 0.1 and 0.5 microns.

The polymerization and cross-linking of the polymerizable monomer ontothe porous membrane substrate is effected so that the entire surface ofthe porous membrane, including the inner surfaces of the porousmembrane, is modified with a cross-linked polymer.

A reagent bath comprised of: (1) a polymerizable monomer which isethylenically unsaturated and has at least one fluoroalkyl group, (2) apolymerization initiator, if needed, and (3) a cross-linking agent in asolvent for these three constituents, is contacted with the porousmembrane substrate under conditions to effect polymerization of themonomer and deposition of the resulting cross-linked polymer onto theporous membrane substrate. When the monomer is difunctional or hashigher functionality, an additional cross-linking agent need not beutilized. In accordance with this invention, it has been found necessaryto utilize nonpolar or weakly polar solvent systems in order to obtainthe requisite degree of membrane surface modification with thecross-linked polymer utilized for the surface modification. It has beenfound that by choosing the appropriate solvent system, thehydrophobicity and oleophobicity of the modified surface can becontrolled such that the modified membrane does not wet with solventswhose surface tension is greater than about 21 dynes/cm and or such thatthe modified membranes pass the more stringent MVI test. Representativesuitable solvents include siloxanes such as hexamethyldisiloxane,octamethyltrisiloxane, or hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane or homologsthereof; silicones such as polydimethylsiloxanes or homologs thereof;hydrocarbon alkanes such as octane, isooctane or homologs thereof;aromatics such as benzene and homologs thereof; aralkyls such astoluene, xylenes or homologs thereof. By the phrase, "nonpolar or weaklypolar solvent system" is meant solvents that have relatively lowdielectric constants. Generally, such solvents possess a dielectricconstant of about 20 or less. It has been found that by utilizing thesolvent hexamethyldisiloxane or decamethyltetrasiloxane thesurface-modified membranes of this invention are capable of passing theMVI test. While the remaining solvents set forth above effect theproduction of less hydrophobic or oleophobic modified surfaces, themembranes produced therewith are useful as gas filters in less stringentenvironments.

Representative suitable polymerizable and cross-linkable monomersinclude fluoroacrylates such as2-(N-ethylperfluorooctanesulfonamido)ethyl acrylate,2-(N-ethylperfluorooctanesulfonamido)ethyl methacrylate or homologsthereof; 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-heptadecafluorodecylacrylate, 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-heptadecafluorodecylmethacrylate or homologs thereof; fluoroalkylsiloxanes such astridecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrooctyl-1-triethoxysilane or homologsthereof; fluorinated styrenes such as pentafluorostyrene,trifluoromethylstyrene or homologs thereof; fluoroolefins such asperfluorobutylethylene or homologs thereof.

Suitable initiators and cross-linking agents for the monomers set forthabove are well known in the art. For example, when utilizingfluoroacrylates as the polymerizable monomer, suitablephotopolymerization initiators include benzophenone,4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl-(2-hydroxy-2-propyl) ketone, azoisopropane or2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone or the like. Suitable thermalinitiators include organic peroxides such as dibenzoyl peroxide,t-butylhydroperoxide, cumylperoxide or t-butyl perbenzoate or the likeand azo compounds such as azobisisobutyronitrile(AIBN) or4,4'-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid) or the like. Representative suitablecross-linking agents include 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluorohexanediol-1,6-diacrylate or homologs and thelike; 1,1,1-trimethylolpropane triacrylate or the like; divinylbenzeneor the like. When utilizing fluorine containing polymerizable monomershaving more than one degree of unsaturation, an additional monomer inthe coating of this invention need not be added. The monomer,polymerization initiator and cross-linking agents are contacted with theporous membrane as a mixture in a solvent which is compatible with thethree reactants and the porous membrane so that the desired free radicalpolymerization and cross-linking is achieved without the formation of asignificant amount of slowly extractable by-products. If readilyextractable by-products are formed, these can be removed by conducting awashing step with a suitable solvent subsequent to the coating step.

Generally, the polymerizable monomer is present in the reactant solutionat a concentration between about 2% and about 20%, preferably betweenabout 5% and about 10% based upon the weight of the polymerizablemonomer. The cross-linking agent is present in an amount of betweenabout 2% and about 10% by weight, based upon the weight of thepolymerizable monomer. Greater amounts of cross-linking agents can beused but no significant advantage is gained thereby. The polymerizationinitiator is present in an amount of between about 1% and about 10% byweight, based upon the weight of the polymerizable monomer. As notedabove, the cross-linking agent can be utilized without the monomer andthereby functions as the polymerizable monomer.

Polymerization and cross-linking is effected by exposing the monomerreaction system to ultraviolet(UV) light, thermal sources or ionizingradiation. It is preferred to utilize UV light since processing can bemore quickly effected. The process is conveniently effected by dippingthe membrane substrate in the solution containing the monomer,cross-linking agent, and the initiator, sandwiching the membrane betweentwo ultraviolet light transparent sheets such as polyethylene andexposing the sandwich to UV light. This process can be effectedcontinuously and the desired cross-linking coating is formed withinminutes after UV exposure is initiated. By controlling the reactantconcentrations and UV exposure, as set forth above, a composite isproduced which is nonplugged and has essentially the same porousconfiguration as the membrane substrate. Furthermore, the compositemembrane produced is wettable only by solvents that have a surfacetension of greater than about 21 dynes/cm. That is, the composites ofthis invention have a highly hydrophobic and oleophobic surface. Inaddition, some of the composites of this invention are capable ofpassing the stringent MVI test. Furthermore, composites of thisinvention retain their mechanical strength even after being exposed tosterilizing ionizing radiation.

The composites of this invention, after being sterilized by exposure togamma radiation, usually between about 2 and 5 MegaRads are capable ofwithstanding a forward or reverse pressure of at least 10 psi. Inaddition, the sterilized membrane composite of this invention retains adesirable degree of hydrophobicity/oleophobicity such that it is not wetby aqueous solutions including solutions containing surfactants. Thecomposites are useful as gas vents to selectively pass gas through whilepreventing passage of organic and aqueous liquids through such as in theapparatus described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,854,907 which is incorporatedherein by reference. Thus, the composites of this invention can beutilized as a seal for organic and aqueous liquids. In addition, thecomposites of this invention can be utilized as a filter for gases.

MVI TEST

The MVI test is a test protocol established by Millipore Corporation,Bedford, Mass. in order to satisfy the requirements of a vent membranesuitable for use in filtering devices. The vent membrane is ahydrophobic membrane incorporated into a filtering device that allowsgas to be selectively vented, i.e. impervious to aqueous solutions, as,for example, when an aqueous MVI solution is filtered through ahydrophilic filter prior to intravenous administration. As an integralpart of the filtering device, the vent membrane must remain hydrophobic,i.e. not wet by aqueous solutions, in its use in order to be functionalas a gas vent membrane.

MVI solution is an aqueous nutrient solution administered intravenouslyto ill patients. MVI itself is an abbreviation for Multiple VitaminInfusion. The nutrient mixture mainly consists of dextrose, essentialand nonessential amino acids, water and oil-soluble vitamins, and asurfactant. Smaller amounts of additives are added as preservatives andto adjust for pH. The MVI solution is prepared by mixing 500 mL of a 7%Aminosyn® Solution (Abbott Laboratories), 500 mL 50% Dextrose Inj., USP(Abbott Laboratories), and 10 mL of a M.V.I.® Solution (ArmourPharmaceutical Company). Aminosyn® Solution is an aqueous crystallineamino acid solution containing the essential and nonessential aminoacids. Also included in the Aminosyn® Solution are apreservative(potassium metabisulfite) and pH adjuster(acetic acid).M.V.I.® Solution is an aqueous solution containing the essential watersoluble and water insoluble vitamins. Also included in the M.V.I.®Solution is a surfactant(polysorbate 20) for solubilizing the waterinsoluble vitamins, preservatives(butylated hydroxytoluene, butylatedhydroxyanisole, and gentisic acid ethanolamide), and pH adjuster(sodiumhydroxide).

The MVI test protocol requires exposing the hydrophobic vent membrane tothe MVI solution at a pressure of 15 pounds per square inch(psi) for 96hours. After exposure that vent membrane is tested for airpermeability(i.e. resistance to air flow) by measuring the air flowthrough the vent membrane under a pressure of 5 psi's. A membrane issaid to pass the "MVI Test" if it typically retains approximately 50% ormore of its original air permeability and does not allow any of the testsolution to seep through the membrane. For practical purposes, theremaining air permeability through the vent membrane after a 96 hour MVItest will often be dictated by other filtering device specifications,e.g. venting time. Typical test results of hydrophobic membranes thatsuccessfully pass the MVI test are shown as follows:

    FIG. 1

The MVI test is a more stringent assessment of vent membrane performanceunder practical conditions than wettability measurements. Wettabilitymeasurements (for e.g. advancing and receding contact angle measurementsand variations thereof) only sample a relatively "thin" portion of themembrane, typically the top 10 Å of the membrane surface, and usually donot reflect the hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of the membrane surfacesin the interior of the porous membrane. The MVI test approach isessentially a "pressurized" wettability/adsorptivity test that allowsone to indirectly assess the hydrophilicity and oleophobicity of theinterior surfaces of the porous membrane. This pressurizedwettability/adsorptivity approach may be extended in its utility tosolutions other than aqueous nutrient mixtures in order to assessmembrane performance under a variety of working (i.e. ventingconditions.

The following examples illustrate the present invention and are notintended to limit the same.

EXAMPLE 1

A microporous nylon(Nylon 66) membrane having an average pore size of0.2 microns was dip-coated into a reactant solution containing 2.55 g of2-(N-ethylperfluorooctanesulfonamido)ethyl acrylate, 0.06 g of2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone, and 0.22 g of2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluorohexanediol-1,6-diacrylate dissolved in 47.75 gof hexamethyldisiloxane(HMDS). The "wet" membrane was sandwiched betweentwo pieces of polyethylene, sealed and irradiated with high intensityultraviolet(UV) radiation by transporting the membrane through a UVchamber(Fusion Systems, Dual Lamp System with P300 Power Supply Units)at a rate of approximately 15 ft./min. After UV exposure forapproximately 30 seconds the membrane was rinsed with isopropanol andthen acetone and air-dried to constant weight (weight add-on wasapproximately 6%). The membranes typically retain approximately 70-95%of their original air permeability after modification. A 96 hour MVItest exposure results in a membrane that typically retains approximately70-90% of the air permeability of the modified membrane prior to MVItreatment. Gamma sterilization of the hydrophobic membrane(2.5-5.0MRads) results in a material which is relatively unchanged in itsproperties prior to gamma irradiation; vent time<10 seconds(i.e. thetime it takes to displace a fixed volume of air using a water headheight of 50 inches), burst strength>19 psi's, and successful completionof the MVI test.

EXAMPLE 2

A microporous PVDF(polyvinylidene fluoride) membrane having an averagepore size of 0.1 microns was dip-coated into a reactant solutioncontaining 2.58 g of3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-heptadecafluorodecyl acrylate, 0.10g 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenyacetophenone, and 0.12 g of 1,6-hexanedioldiacrylate dissolved in 47.21 g of HMDS. The coated membrane wassandwiched between two sheets of polyethylene and irradiated asdescribed in Example 1 at a rate of approximately 8 ft./min. Themembrane was rinsed with isopropanol and then methanol and dried at 135°C. for 2 hours. The weight add-on was approximately 9%. The modifiedPVDF membrane retained approximately 90% of its original airpermeability. After a 96 hour MVI test exposure the modified membraneretained approximately 70-90% of its original air permeability.

EXAMPLE 3

A microporous regenerated cellulose membrane was dip-coated into asolution containing 5.10 g of 2-(N-ethylperfluorooctanesulfonamido)ethylacrylate, 0.124 g of 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone, and 0.50 g of2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluorohexanediol-1,6-diacrylate dissolved in 95.50 gof HMDS. The coated membrane was sandwiched between polyethylene sheetsand irradiated as described in Example 1 at a rate of approximately 15ft./min. The membrane was rinsed with isopropanol and then methanol andair-dried overnight. The resulting hydrophobic membrane retainsapproximately 40% of its original air permeability after a 96 hour MVItest exposure.

Table 1 shows the wettability characteristics of representativepolymeric membranes modified by the present methodology.

                  TABLE 1                                                         ______________________________________                                        Wettability Characteristics Of Some                                           Modified Membranes.sup.a                                                      Substrate.sup.b        Wettability.sup.c                                      ______________________________________                                        Polyethylene           ≦21                                             Cellulose              ≦18                                             Cellulose Acetate      ≦19                                             Cellulose, Mixed Nitro & Acetate Esters                                                              ≦19                                             Polyamide (Nylon 66)   ≦18                                             Polysulfone            ≧21                                             Polytetrafluoroethylene                                                                              ≧27                                             Polyester              ≦18                                             Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF)                                                                       ≦18                                             Polypropylene          ≧21                                             ______________________________________                                         .sup.a Modified as described in Examples 1 and 2.                             .sup.b Porous membrane substrate.                                             .sup.c Wettability (dynes/cm) is meant as the minimum value of a solvent      surface tension necessary to "wet" the membrane. Wetting is meant as the      characteristic transparency, indicative of mass transport through the         porous membrane, observed upon contact with a wetting solvent.           

EXAMPLE 4

A microporous nylon(Nylon 66) membrane having an average pore size of0.2 microns was dip-coated into a reactant solution containing 2.50 g of2-(N-ethylperfluorooctanesulfonamido)ethyl acrylate, 0.04 g of2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone, and 0.20 g of2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluorohexanediol-1,6-diacrylate dissolved in 22.54 gof tert-butanol and 27.55 g of deionized water. The coated membrane wassandwiched between polyethylene sheets and irradiated as described inExample 1 at a rate of approximately 15 ft./min. The membrane was rinsedwith isopropanol and then acetone and air-dried overnight. The weightadd-on was approximately 5%. The modified membrane does not wet withwater(surface tension approximately 72 dynes/cm), but wets withisopropanol and hexadecane, solvent surface tensions of approximately 21dynes/cm and 27 dynes/cm, respectively. The modified membrane failed theMVI test immediately(minutes) due to seepage of the MVI solution throughthe membrane.

I claim:
 1. The process for forming a composite porous membrane formedfrom a porous membrane substrate having an average pore size betweenabout 0.001 and 10 microns formed of a first polymer, said substratehaving a surface which is modified on its entire surface with across-linked second polymer such that it does not wet with solventswhose surface tension is greater than about 21 dynes/cm, said compositeporous membrane having essentially the same porous configuration as saidporous membrane substrate which comprises: contacting said porousmembrane substrate with a solution of a polymerizable fluorinecontaining monomer and a cross-linking agent for said monomer in anonpolar or weakly polar solvent system under conditions to polymerizesaid monomer and to cross-link said second polymer in situ over theentire surface of said first polymer and to avoid plugging of saidpores.
 2. The process of claim 1 wherein said first polymer is apolyamide.
 3. The process of claim 1 wherein said first polymer is acellulosic.
 4. The process of claim 1 wherein the first polymer ispolyvinylidene fluoride.
 5. The process of claim 1 wherein the firstpolymer is a fluorinated hydrocarbon polymer.
 6. The process of claim 1wherein the first polymer is a polyolefinic hydrocarbon.
 7. The processof claim 1 wherein the first polymer is a polysulfone.
 8. The process ofclaim 1 wherein the first polymer is a polyester.
 9. The process ofclaim 1 wherein the first polymer is a polycarbonate.
 10. The process ofclaim 1 wherein the first polymer is a polyurethane.
 11. The process ofany one of claims 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 wherein said solventis a siloxane.
 12. The process of any one of claims 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,8, 9 or 10 wherein said solvent is hexamethyldisiloxane.
 13. The processof claim 1 wherein said monomer is a fluoroacrylate.
 14. The process ofclaim 1 wherein said monomer is a fluoroalkylsiloxane.
 15. The processof claim 1 wherein said monomer is a fluorinated styrene.
 16. Theprocess of claim 1 wherein said monomer is a fluoroolefin.